In some areas, temperature spikes are causing freshwater systems to dry up at an alarming rate, as is the case with the U.S. Southwest's Lake Mead. The salamander, similarly, prefers a calm wetland environment. The number of Marsh Arabs in Iraq shrunk from about 400,000 to as few as 20,000. Like in salt marshes, the water level rises and falls twice every day along with the tides. This means that some plant species can survive on very few nutrients, namely nitrogen and phosphorus. The plants, animals and soils filter, absorb, and neutralize many pollutants before they can reach adjacent marine and estuarine communities. While introduced animals have the power to wipe out native species through feeding, invasive plants disrupt the nutrient balance of the water, eventually compromising the availability of dissolved oxygen. . As their name suggests, these snakes live in salt marshes and brackish waters around the coast. They do not support aquatic plants. Most have hard, external shells. Scientists like Canadian aquatic ecologist Dalal Hanna can help avoid disasters like these by studying ecosystems and identifying points of human interaction that might cause trouble. Freshwater animals need two main things to survive in water: oxygen and food. The hydrogeomorphic (HGM) includes five major wetland types: riverine, slope depressional, flat and fringe. If no button appears, you cannot download or save the media. Severe flooding and nutrient deposition to downstream waters have often followed marsh destruction and degradation. Please call 757-566-3036, or email yorkriver@dcr.virginia.gov for more information. [4] Marshes can be classified based on their hydrology. Shoreline plantslike bergamot, river bulrush, and bog birchare not technically aquatic plants but require close proximity to freshwater to survive. Come to York River State Park and experience it for yourself with one of our interpretive programs: Meet the Marsh Enjoy the amazing vista of the Taskinas Creek valley and ask questions at your own pace. [8], There are many different techniques to restoring a wetland. Next, we have a subspecies of the salt marsh snake the Gulf salt marsh snake. . Red jointed fiddler crabs are easy to find at low tide. The ornate diamondback terrapin (Malaclemys terrapin macrospilota and M. t. rhizophorarum) relies upon mangroves as its primary habitat along with three other species of freshwater turtles occur in mangroves.Also associated with mangrove vegetation during at least some point in their life histories are sea . They are joined in their aquatic biome by mollusks like snails, some mussels, and clams; worms including parasitic leeches; reptiles like alligators and crocodiles, turtles and tortoises, and water snakes; mammals like the ever-majestic manatee; and frogs. Many different habitat types are found in and around estuaries, including shallow open waters, freshwater and saltwater marshes, swamps, sandy beaches, mud and sand flats, rocky shores, oyster reefs . Olivia Young is a writer, fact checker, and green living expert passionate about tiny living, climate advocacy, and all things nature. organisms. The presence of marshes in a watershed helps to reduce damage caused by floods by slowing and storing flood water. Freshwater Marsh Life Animal Printouts. How can we be more responsible with this crucial resource and its ecosystems? They were once prized for their meat. [1] Freshwater marshes primarily consist of sedges, grasses, and emergent plants. The ecosystems in rivers and streams, for example, bring salts and nutrients from the mountains to lakes, ponds, and wetlands at lower elevations, and eventually they bring those nutrients to the ocean. Despite the inhospitable conditions that ice provides, these frigid environments are teeming with life. [4] Groundwater reserves, water moving across the surface and precipitation are the three main sources of water in marshes. At the surface of the water - turtles, beavers, frogs. The crowns of the mounds stay above water level and can support trees and other vegetation. Some animals of freshwater prefer moving water bodies like rivers, whereas some others prefer to live in stagnant water like ponds, lakes, wetlands, etc. Recently, bogs have been recognized for their role in regulating the global climate by storing large amounts of carbon in peat deposits. Groundwater is 25 times more plentiful than surface water. In other areas, melting glaciers are feeding freshwater systems, inevitably causing ocean levels to rise. Marine Biome: Types, Plants, and Wildlife, Types of Forests: Definitions, Examples, and Importance, 15 Taiga Plants That Thrive in the Boreal Forest, How the Sixth Mass Extinction Affects the U.S. Economy, 12 Unbelievable Submerged and Underwater Forests Around the World, What Are Ocean Dead Zones? As water moves slowly through a marsh, sediment and other pollutants settle to the substrate or floor of the marsh. Pan, Xianliang L., Bofeng F. Li, and Yutaka W. Watanabe. Application ID: 7-3562-00059/00002. The deeper ones are home to many species, including large fish such as the northern pike and carp. Over time, many feet of acidic peat deposits build up in bogs of either origin. Anadromous fish hatch in freshwater but migrate and live most of their lives in the ocean. Non-Tidal Marshes In fall the foliage turns butter yellow. Tidal freshwater marshes, however, are fed by freshwater streams and do not have a large salt content. Some animals live in the water (fish, crabs, etc. . As water moves slowly through a marsh, sediment and other pollutants settle to the substrate or floor of the marsh. The truth is raccoons do not have saliva glands. They are especially important as the last refuge for Black Bears in coastal Virginia and North Carolina and the Red Wolf has recently been reintroduced in North Carolina pocosins. [5] The marshland is located on the intercontinental flyway of migratory birds and is used by two-thirds of West Asia's water fowl. Freshwater marshes and swamps are characterized by slow and steady water flow. Directions to York River State Park: From I-64, take the Croaker Exit 231B. They are common boundaries between forests and rivers.Herbaceous plants called sedges dominate the tidal freshwater marsh ecosystem. Text on this page is printable and can be used according to our Terms of Service. Freshwater Wetlands: West Herr Subaru: May 11, 2023: Greece: Water Quality Certification: Ontario County; No Ontario County Completed Apps: Orleans County; No Orleans County Completed Apps: Schuyler County; No Schuyler County Completed Apps: Seneca County; No Seneca County Completed Apps: Steuben County; No Steuben County Completed Apps: Wayne . A diamondback terrapin swims through salt marsh vegetation. Lakes and ponds, on the other hand, can exchange nutrients in a seasonal cycle. There are more than 18,000 species of. The World Bank. These are certainly the most well-known examples, but they aren't the only or even the most abundant types. During a drought, a high tide can allow saltwater fish to take them into freshwater marshes. Freshwater marshes are highly productive and therefore can support a large biodiversity of vegetation. All life needs water. As the population of spiny water fleas increased, algae began to overgrow and lower the oxygen content of the water, causing the fish to die and the lake water to grow murky. The World Wildlife Fund and the Spanish government are now working to increase the water flow that enters the ecosystem. Without the marshy sponge, runoff flows directly to the ocean, often creating coastal "dead zones" in which there is little life below the water's surface. National Geographic Headquarters 1145 17th Street NW Washington, DC 20036. Everything from mollusks, worms, reptiles, amphibians, mammals, and birds thrive in the freshwater biome, but let's start with the obvious: fish. This reduces the amount of freshwater for hygiene, drinking, industry, and irrigation. Humans use freshwater in many ways, but these activities can be dangerous for freshwater ecosystems when we are not careful. Lots of mammals like to hang out around freshwater as it is a valuable source of drinking water, food, and protection. Wetland enhancements will increase the extent and quality of nutrient rich forage, freshwater, and cover for high priority migratory waterfowl . Floodplain forests are especially high in productivity and species diversity because of the rich deposits of alluvial soil from floods. They are invertebrate animals with soft, unsegmented bodies. Marshes are wetlands that flood with water and are dominated by plants adapted to wet soils. The primary public benefit of this proposal is the restoration and enhancement of coastal . Join us for marsh discoveries and memories. An example of this kind of sudden change is when an invasive species enters an area, which happened in 2009 near the city of Madison, Wisconsin, when the spiny water flea (Bythotrephes longimanus) was detected in Lake Mendota. The extensive tidal salt marshes along the coast of the U.S. state of Georgia, for instance, feature a large number of these species, including cordgrass (sometimes used as fodder for livestock), shrimp, and crab.Tidal Freshwater MarshesTidal freshwater marshes lie farther inland than salt marshes, but are close enough to the coast to be affected by tidal fluctuations. A marsh is a type of wetland, an area of land where water covers ground for long periods of time. Northern bogs are generally associated with low temperatures and short growing seasons where ample precipitation and high humidity cause excessive moisture to accumulate. [5] The rifting in the valley is enlarging the lake, creating more wetlands in the surrounding area. The reduced habitat for fish decreases their population as more animals compete for fewer resources. Freshwater Marshes Marshes are wetlands that flood with water and are dominated by plants adapted to wet soils. In this system, wetlands are classified by landscape position, vegetation cover and hydrologic regime. Some swamps are dominated by shrubs, such as Buttonbush or Smooth Alder. Unlike swamps, which are dominated by trees, marshes are usually treeless and dominated by grasses and other herbaceous plants.Herbaceous plants have no woody stem above ground, and they grow and die back on a regular cycle. Tidal marshes are normally categorized into two distinct zones, the lower or intertidal marsh and the upper or high marsh. Many different types of food are produced within a freshwater marsh like fruits, rice, vegetables like taro, and fish. [4] Alligators create depressions in the mud that retain water during the dry season. Freshwater ecosystems naturally share resources between habitats. Freshwater marshes occur on nearly all continents and include 20-25% of all natural freshwater wetlands globally. These fissures are large cracks, which are caused by the tectonic plates underneath the country shifting and pulling the bedrock apart. [5], CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (, "Experimental Manipulation of Nutrients and Water in a Freshwater Marsh: Effects on Biomass, Decomposition, and Nutrient Accumulation", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Freshwater_marsh&oldid=1118098471, This page was last edited on 25 October 2022, at 05:34. A mountain stream flowing through Inverpolly, Scotland. They have brightly colored feathers and are known for their loud, distinctive calls. Marshes can remove carbon from the atmosphere and store it in their biomass or the ground. The United Nations has declared a global water crisis, noting that declining access to clean water perpetuates poverty and disease in the world's poorest countries. Aquatic biomes are ecosystems classified by the presence of water (freshwater or marine) and the type of organisms that live in them. April 22, 2023 7:00 AM EDT. The Okavango Delta is a haven for diverse animal species. Many upland creatures depend on the abundance of food found in the lowland swamps, and valuable timber can be sustainably harvested to provide building materials for people. With low salinity in the water, these bodies support a variety of plant and animal life, including fish, amphibians, reptiles, mammals, and birds. And the amount of waterwhether too much or too littleisn't the only problem stemming from the climate crisis; the quality of the water is at stake, too. Some aquatic biomes are freshwater biomes, where the water contains little or no salt. ), and others live in the drier area surrounding the marsh (raccoons, earthworms, etc. The word pocosin comes from the Algonquin Native American word for "swamp on a hill." Mangrove swamps are a type of shrub swamp dominated by mangroves that covers vast expanses of southern Florida. Swamps have woody-stemmed plants - mainly trees. Highly organic, mineral rich soils of sand, silt, and clay underlie these wetlands, while lily pads, cattails (see photo), reeds and bulrushes provide excellent habitat for waterfowl and other small mammals, such as Red-winged Blackbirds, Great Blue Herons, otters and muskrats. Lemmings Lemmings are small, furry animals that live in wetland habitats. Eastern rat snakes are another harmless species found at the edge of the wetland. ), Atlantic White Cedar (Chamaecyparis thyoides), and Tupelo (Nyssa aquatica). Every living thing on Earth needs water to survive, but more than 100,000 species, including our own, need a special kind of water that can only be found in certain places and is in very rare supply: freshwater. World Wildlife Fund. The amount of salt and fresh water varies according to how close or far away the water source is, if the tide is incoming or outgoing, and how much rainfall has been in the area. The plants, animals, and microbes in healthy freshwater ecosystems are resilient and have adaptations that allow them to adjust appropriately until ideal conditions resume. These physical environments may include rivers, lakes, streams, ponds, lakes, reservoirs, or wetlands. If you have questions about how to cite anything on our website in your project or classroom presentation, please contact your teacher. Their acreage declined historically as they were drained to be used as cropland and mined for their peat, which was used as a fuel and a soil conditioner. 1996 - 2023 National Geographic Society. As a result, almost a third of freshwater fish face extinction. Marshes are also common in deltas, where rivers empty into a larger body of water. United States Geological Survey. Freshwater marshes are dynamic ecosystems. Snapping turtles are easily seen due to their size. Many freshwater marshes lie in the prairie pothole region of North America, the heart of which extends from central Canada through the northern Midwest of the United States. There are never any guarantees of what animals, crustaceans, or fish will be found in a marsh ecosystem on a given day. H istory is all too humanbusy with battles, emperors, and land grabs. Learn about the worst culprits ahead. As the global population grows (and grows and grows, by about 1% per year), more freshwater is needed to sustain our race. Abroad, making up an even larger portion of total surface water are the African Great Lakes and Russia's Lake Baikal, which is the largest lake by volume. This process is important to help maintain healthy fish populations important to both commerce and recreation. "Climate Change and Harmful Algal Blooms." But freshwater can be found in less-obvious places too. Gulf coast salt marshes occur along low energy shorelines, at the mouth of rivers, and in bays, bayous and sounds. Storm surges have no marshy "sponge" to absorb the water and wind of the hurricane, and coastal communities are especially vulnerable.The fisheries of the Gulf Coast are also reduced as marshes are drained for development. Journal of Phycology. Muskrats can be found in estuarine and freshwater marshes. [10] Continued human development, including drainage for development and polluted agriculture runoff, as well as alterations in the water cycle, threaten the existence of the Everglades. Published Sept. 9, 2020 | Updated July 16, 2021. Any interactives on this page can only be played while you are visiting our website. The Cowardin system is used by the U.S. Common species of birds found in a freshwater marsh include ducks, geese, swans, songbirds, swallows, coots, and black ducks. Freshwater macroinvertebrates are an extremely diverse and adaptive group of organisms that have successfully invaded virtually every type of aquatic habitat. "Wetlands Action for People and Nature." Freshwater marshes, often found hundreds of kilometers from the coast, are dominated by grasses and aquatic plants. One type of ecosystem that is particularly favorable to plants is the wetland. More fish live in freshwater than saltwater (though only by 1%). It's been estimated that wetlands cover about 6% of the earth's surface and provide habitat for 40% of all plant and animal species. Snails, worms, turtles, frogs, marsh birds, mollusks, alligators, beavers, otters, snakes, and many types of insects live there too.. The Everglades, the largest freshwater marsh in the United States, is drowned in a shallow layer of water all year. Fish living in freshwater habitats have plenty of company. The highly organic soils of swamps form a thick, black, nutrient-rich environment for the growth of water-tolerant trees such as Cypress (Taxodium spp. [5], The Mesopotamian Marshlands are located in southern Iraq and Iran. Removing the salt makes the plants healthier, allowing for more photosynthesis and root growth. The soil itself is a mixture of peat and sand containing large amounts of charcoal from periodic burnings. Another common wetland classification system, used by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, was developed by Brinson and is described inA Hydrogeomorphic Classification for Wetlands. Fishes are the most common species of the freshwater ecosystem. There are three types of marshes: tidal salt marshes, tidal freshwater marshes, and inland freshwater marshes. The plants and animals that inhabit freshwater are accustomed to this conservative measure of salt and would not survive in the high salinity of seas or oceans. "As a result," it says, "many fish populations have declined.". 20. The ecosystems in rivers and streams, for example, bring salts and nutrients from the mountains to lakes, ponds, and wetlands at lower elevations, and eventually they bring those nutrients to the ocean. for one mile, then right on Route 606 (Riverview Rd.) Within these marshes, plant communities are variable due to local geology, hydrology, and fire. [4] Marshes can be classified based on their hydrology. They are home to a unique set of invertebrates called stygofauna. If you have questions about licensing content on this page, please contact ngimagecollection@natgeo.com for more information and to obtain a license. They are mostly freshwater marshes, although some are brackish or alkaline. Marsh vegetation and microorganisms also use excess nutrients for growth that can otherwise pollute surface water such as nitrogen and phosphorus from fertilizer. This knowledge can help the researchers know when a freshwater ecosystem is healthy and when it may be in danger. [5], Freshwater marshes are dynamic ecosystems. Muskrats can be found in estuarine and freshwater marshes. They may have either considerable amounts of open water surrounded by floating vegetation or vegetation may have completely filled the lake (terrestrialization). Here are a few animals that are indigenous to freshwater marshes: In the water - fish, crabs, insect larvae, shrimp, tadpoles. Freshwater habitats face a multitude of threats, but it's not too late to save these environments. Bears and other terrestrial mammals do not live in the water, per se, but rely on it for food nonetheless. The slow movement of water through the dense organic matter in pocosins removes excess nutrients deposited by rainwater. Drinking contaminated water can cause cholera, dysentery, hepatitis A, polio, typhoid, and more in people. "Where Is Earth's Water?" Neither of these crustaceans grows as big as the blue crab that is a favorite of seafood lovers. Latitude, 37.405520. For information on user permissions, please read our Terms of Service. Carnivores include alligators, some fish, and water snakes. Some are freshwater marshes, others are brackish (somewhat salty), and still others are saline (salty), but they are all influenced by the motion of ocean tides. A marsh is a wetland, an area of land where water covers ground for long periods of time, Biology, Earth Science, Geography, Physical Geography. Even though they are non-venomous, they will bite if threatened. On the volcanic island nation of Iceland, explorer Jonina Herdis Olafsdottir studies freshwater ecosystems that develop from groundwater seeping into fissures. Bogs develop in depressions where water flow is low or nonexistent. Fish and Wildlife Service for the National Wetlands Inventory. As the title implies, wetlands are classified by their geomorphic setting, dominant water source (e.g. JavaScript appears to be disabled on this computer. This is an especially important function during periods of drought. [8], Wetlands have many services and functions that benefit the Earth. The freshwater category covers lakes, rivers, ponds, creeks, streams, and some swamps, marshes, and bogs. These waterways also enable migrating species, like salmon, to bring nutrients from the ocean to upstream freshwater ecosystems. The Florida Everglades represent the largest contiguous freshwater marsh in the entire world. Kingfishers are a type of bird that can be found near freshwater wetlands. Interestingly, Antarcticaan entirely solid continent fixed in salty seasclaims 70% of the world's total volume of freshwater. Ducks and cormorants are aquatic birds that rely on the grassy marsh for nesting sites as well as food such as fish, shrimp, and crabs. Pressure to fill in these wetlands for coastal development has led to significant and continuing losses of tidal marshes, especially along the Atlantic coast. "NASA Data Show California's San Joaquin Valley Still Sinking." Guiry, Michael D. "How many species of algae are there?" Surrounding the swamp - raccoons, earthworms, opossums, muskrats, snails, deer, even bears! A park guest asked me, "what wildlife will I see at the park today?" For information on user permissions, please read our Terms of Service. The Freshwater Wetlands Act defines "freshwater wetlands" as lands and waters exhibiting certain characteristics which are "shown on the freshwater wetlands map [promulgated pursuant to ECL 24-0301]" (ECL 24-0107[1] ). Some have been degraded by excessive deposits of nutrients and sediment from construction and farming. Tidal marshes serve many important functions. York River State Park is located at 9801 York River Park Road, Williamsburg, Va. 23188. Along the sandy fringe marshes, the square-shaped marsh crab is more common. Tidal marshes can be found along protected coastlines in middle and high latitudes worldwide. Of the two major aquatic environments, the freshwater biome is often overshadowed by its marine counterpart, Earth's largest and home to some of the weirdest, most wonderful wildlife on the planet. The soil is often water logged for much of the year and covered at times by as much as a few feet of water because this type of swamp is found along slow moving streams and in floodplains. Freshwater ecosystems naturally share resources between habitats. Even if you can't see them cropping up on the surface of the water, it could be teeming with microscopic algae or suppressing an underwater world of submerged flora below. In this state, they become almost totally inactive and survive on stored fats while food is scarce. In winter, they burrow into the mud to hibernate. The audio, illustrations, photos, and videos are credited beneath the media asset, except for promotional images, which generally link to another page that contains the media credit. And of course, where there are plants, there are animals. [1] Freshwater marshes have a lengthy growing season and contain high nutrient levels in the water and substrate, which contribute to an overall high net primary production. National Geographic Society is a 501 (c)(3) organization. Hanna has researched freshwater fish in African streams and birds that live near freshwater ecosystems in Canada. The world's demand for freshwater is high, though there is a limited supply. D. pulicaria is also a key food source for fish in the lake. [5] The Mesopotamian Marshlands were once the largest wetland ecosystem in the Middle East, covering an area of 15,000 to 20,000 square kilometers. Fostering Everything From Water Lilies to Manatees Across the World. National Oceanic and Atmosphere. from the ocean to the upper reaches of rivers to spawn. River Seine Watch rangers use seines and nets to discover what is in the water. Limnologists want to learn what creatures live in an ecosystem and how they interact with each other through the ecosystems food web, as well as how they interact with their environment. When this happens, the fen receives fewer nutrients and may become a bog. Plants, birds, fish, and invertebrates such as freshwater shrimp, crayfish, and clams require the habitats provided by swamps. Predators such as alligators and panthers are also indigenous to the Everglades. The sphagnum peats of northern bogs cause especially acidic waters. Above the water - frogs, insects, birds. [2] Freshwater marshes are usually found near the mouths of rivers, along lakes, and are present in areas with low drainage like abandoned oxbow lakes. As a result, they are a haven for species adapted to living in unaltered forests. Wearing scuba gear, Olafsdottir drops into the water and collects biological samples, recording notes about the species of fish, crustaceans, algae, and other microbes that she finds. [4] In a freshwater marsh, there are emergent plants, floating plants, floating leaved and submerged. Wetlands are considered the most biologically diverse of all ecosystems. Groundwater systems and aquifers are created when water fills the cracks and pores of the earth, below land. Adapting to the ebb and flow of the tide, the marsh dwellers reside in floating reed houses and transport themselves in boats and canoes.Unfortunately, the marshes were reduced drastically during the presidency of Saddam Hussein. Even large raptors such as osprey are supported by tidal salt marshes.Commercially valuable fish and shellfish find food and shelter in salt marshes. [5] The marsh is currently dominated by an invasive grass, Phragmites australis. If you have questions about licensing content on this page, please contact ngimagecollection@natgeo.com for more information and to obtain a license. In this experiment, greenhouse gases (GHG) including CO 2 , CH 4 and N 2</sub>O fluxes at the water-air interface, were monitored on a daily and . Historically, swamps have been portrayed as frightening no-man's-lands. [5] The confluence of the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers create the Mesopotamian Marshlands. Saltwater intrusion is the process by which saltwater seeps into wetlands and even the water tables beneath them. Swamps may be divided into two major classes, depending on the type of vegetation present: shrub swamps and forested swamps. Marshes, estuaries, mangroves, bogs, and swamps are just a few examples of wetland ecosystems, which can often be found at transitional areas between bodies of water and land. Bottomland hardwood swamp is a name commonly given to forested swamps in the south central United States. Such environmental problems prove the vital roles these wetlands play. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites. Not all wetlands. Biology, Ecology, Conservation, Earth Science. North Carolina is home to more than 60 species of freshwater mussels. [4], Rift Valley is located in Eastern Africa. Saline marshes support a highly specialized set of life adapted for saline conditions. wetland, complex ecosystem characterized by flooding or saturation of the soil, which creates low-oxygen environments that favour a specialized assemblage of plants, animals, and microbes, which exhibit adaptations designed to tolerate periods of sluggishly moving or standing water. Stream to Sea Stroll Take a walk and discover life in four different aquatic ecosystems. Marshes are defined as wetlands frequently or continually inundated with water, characterized by emergent soft-stemmed vegetation adapted to saturated soil conditions. Many people think that they wash their hands before eating. The term "aquatic" can describe either freshwater or saltwater plants even though the two types are very different. Draining marshes also increases saltwater intrusion. 2012. There are many different kinds of swamps, ranging from the forested Red Maple, (Acer rubrum), swamps of the Northeast to the extensive bottomland hardwood forests found along the sluggish rivers of the Southeast. Freshwater systems are susceptible to this kind of pollution, too, but an even bigger threat is pollution from wastewater and agrochemicals, which can cause nitrogen and phosphorous levels to rise to a level lethal to plant and animal life. The same organic matter also acidifies the water. Wetlands are important niches for aquatic organisms and biodiversity as well as for organic carbon sequestration. [6] Some of the most common plants in these areas are cattails, water lilies, arrowheads, and rushes.[7]. Termites colonies build mounds in the dry season that later become flooded. Burton, D.G. In fact, the Everglades form a wide, slow-moving river draining out of Lake Okeechobee.The Everglades are rich in biodiversity. Freshwater habitatssuch as lakes, rivers, streams, wetlands and aquifershouse an incredible proportion of the world's biodiversity: more than 10% of all known animals and about 50% of all known fish species. [5] These marshes are home to cattail, papyrus, and floating mats of other plants. National Geographic Society is a 501 (c)(3) organization. When you reach out to him or her, you will need the page title, URL, and the date you accessed the resource.
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