1880s. [162] In April 1950, Greater Bombay District came into existence with the merger of Bombay Suburbs and Bombay City. Footnote 1 A number of rich studies have addressed the expansion of the urban centre in the context of international trade and industry, the role of imperial policy in shaping the city's geographic contours, the formation of urban communities, business entrepreneurship, the development of the textile . [117] The Victoria Gardens was opened to the public in 1862. [49] The St. Andrew Church at Bandra was built in 1575. [98] The construction of the Sion Causeway was completed in 1802 by Governor Jonathan Duncan. Since the early 1900s, the city has also the home base of the Bollywood film industry. By the time the newspapers had confirmed news Mumbai continued to grow and prosper in the 21st century, in large part because of advances in the technology sector. Simultaneously a labour movement was organized. [180] In December 1992 January 93, over 1,000 people were killed and the city paralyzed by communal riots between the Hindus and the Muslims caused by the destruction of the Babri Mosque in Ayodhya. In southern Africa, the kingdom of Lesotho was exceptional because. [166] Following protests by the Samyukta Maharashtra movement in which 105 people were killed by police firing, Maharashtra State was formed with Bombay as its capital on 1 May 1960. The black soils of the mainland near Bombay were ideal for growing cotton. Overall, 15.3 percent of Americans lived in cities in 1850. Under the leadership of several Princes, the Sepoys [42] During 152829, Lopo Vaz de Sampaio seized the fort of Mahim from the Gujarat Sultanate, when the King was at war with Nizam-ul-mulk, the emperor of Chaul, a town south of the islands. [5] After a series of attacks by the Gujarat Sultanate, the islands were recaptured by Sultan Bahadur Shah. 3 Two books that helped precipitate the reassessment are Thomas Rawski, Economic Growth in Prewar China (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1990), and Loren Brandt, Commercialization and Agricultural Development in Central and Eastern China: 1870s-1930s (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1989). 6 References. [25] He built the first Babulnath temple in the region and introduced many fruit-bearing trees, including coconut palms to the islands. Much of this money was channelled [75][76] Bombay was placed at the head of all the Company's establishments in India. In the second half of the 19th century, a large textile industry grew up in the city and surrounding towns, operated by Indian entrepreneurs. 2 19th century. [138] On 9 March 1898, there was a serious riot which started with a sudden outbreak of hostility against the measures adopted by Government for suppression of plague. It is 25.4% less than in comparison to the 1965 to 1992, but the total. In 1348 the island was conquered by invading Muslim forces and became part of the kingdom of Gujarat. However, this economic boom was at the base of one of [45] Dorabji Nanabhoy, a trader, was the first Parsi to settle in Bombay in 1640. [141] The Dadar-Matunga-Wadala-Sion scheme, the first planned suburban scheme in Bombay, was formulated in 18991900 by the Bombay City Improvement Trust to relieve congestion in the centre of the town, following the plague epidemics. Descendants of the Yadavas are found in contemporary Mumbai, and most of the place-names on the island date from that era. The Bombay metro area faced some unfortunate events like the inter-communal riots of 199293, while the 1993 Mumbai bombings caused extensive loss of life and property. Before the War of Independence, India was The first institute in Asia to provide Veterinary Education, the Bombay Veterinary College, was established in Parel in Bombay in the year 1886. [115] The Commercial Bank, the Chartered Mercantile, the Agra and United Service, the Chartered and the Central Bank of Western India were established in Bombay attracting a considerable industrial population. 1777 - First newspaper published in Mumbai by Rustom Kersaspjere. [120] Tramway communication was instituted in 1873. [citation needed], Geologists believe that the coast of western India came into being around 100 to 80mya, after it broke away from Madagascar. [55] By 1710, the construction of Bombay Castle was finished, which fortified the islands from sea attacks by European pirates and the Marathas. barracks, each building had three floors. Even British naval power was no match for the Mughals, Marathas, Portuguese, and Dutch, all of whom had interests in the region. In the early 21st century Mumbai experienced a number of terrorist attacks. Victorian Gothic [134] The concept of Dabbawalas (lunch box delivery man) originated in the 1890s when British people who came to Bombay did not like the local food. Those protests led to the states partition into the modern states of Gujarat and Maharashtra in 1960, and Bombay was made the capital of Maharashtra that year. Growth of Mumbai The following is a timeline of the growth of Mumbai 's population over the last four centuries: 1661: 10000 inhabitants [1] 1664: 15000 [1] 1673: 60000 [1] (Fryer) 1675: 60000 1718: 16000 [1] (Cobbe) 1744: 70000 [1] (Niebuhr) (large influx of people during the busy season) According to S.C. Dube this growth can be classified in three phases: Compilation and publication of volumes on tribes and castes. 53.00 (ISBN 978--521-76871-9). Cholera epidemics hit unsanitary cities hardest, and The Times newspaper in London labelled cholera "the best of all sanitary reformers". Request Permissions, Review by: [45], The Portuguese were actively involved in the foundation and growth of their religious orders in Bombay. The labour force was constituted mainly [66] George Oxenden became the first Governor of Bombay under the English East India Company on 23 September 1668. He suggested the The University of Bombay was the first modern institution of higher education to be established in India in 1857. Nigel Harris' paper set out to examine Bombay's rise in the early 19th century was how cities are reacting to competing in an at a time when the Peshwa kingdom was open world economy and second, how collapsing and this led to a congregation Bombayof might perform in the same context. It publishes over 2,500 books a year for distribution in more than 200 countries. [72] Yakut Khan, the Siddi admiral of the Mughal Empire, landed at Bombay in October 1672 and ravaged the local inhabitants there. [95] The history of journalism in Bombay commenced with publication of the Bombay Herald in 1789 and the Bombay Courier in 1790. By 1920, more Americans lived in cities than in rural areas for the first time in US history. When cotton exports from the USA were interrupted by the Civil War, Bombay The city's infrastructure was improved considerably with the construction of new highways and bridges, expansion of port facilities, and the inauguration of new public-transit systems. 5 See also. It also shaped sports culture as well as the sports industry specifically Baseball and the Football Association into what is today. No group claimed responsibility for the attack, but it had been hinted that the Pakistan-based Lashkar-e-Toiba was behind the attacks.[193]. Company was accused of mismanagement. [181] A series of 13 co-ordinated bomb explosions took place in Bombay on 12 March 1993, which resulted in 257 deaths and 700 injuries. Most often, the mill workers were men whose families stayed back in large numbers of Indians, and claimed to have uncovered a conspiracy to The bomb killed 1 and injured 25. [190] On 13 March 2003, a bomb exploded in a train compartment, as the train was entering the Mulund station in Mumbai. increase in the number of mills. Indigenous tribals have inhabited Mumbai (Bombay) since the Stone Age. "Jobbers and the emergence of trade unions in Bombay city. For terms and use, please refer to our Terms and Conditions The crown ceded it to the East India Company in 1668. [67] Fortifications were built around Bombay Castle. [67] The Bank of Bombay, the oldest bank in the city, was established in 1840,[106] and the Bank of Western India in 1842. by an Act of the British Parliament. [129], The growth of political consciousness started after the establishment of the Bombay Presidency Association on 31 January 1885. [118] The Bombay Shipping and Iron Shipping Companies were started in 1863 to make Bombay merchants independent of the English. 278 were killed and 1,118 were wounded. Collectively these works make a significant contribution to the appreciation of such matters as working-class politics, the changing character of workers' neighbourhoods, land use, urban planning, and the ways the city has been imagined and experienced by its citizens. [27] The Pathare Prabhus, one of the earliest settlers of the city, were brought to Mahim from Patan and other parts of Saurashtra in Gujarat around 1298 by Bhimdev during his reign. [63] On 21 September 1668, the Royal Charter of 27 March 1668, led to the transfer of Bombay from Charles II to the English East India Company for an annual rent of 10 (equivalent retail price index of 1,226 in 2007) or Indian Rs 1,48,000 today. The physical setting of the modern city was almost complete by now. In 1661 it came under British control as part of the marriage settlement between King Charles II and Catherine of Braganza, sister of the king of Portugal. Slums spread across the city and epidemics of plague added to the already high mortality rates. [175] Nehru Science Centre, India's largest interactive science centre, was established in 1972 at Worli in Bombay. [171] During the 1970 there were Bombay-Bhiwandi riots. In the 19th and early 20 century, the population of Mumbai mainly consisted of those born outside. East India Company at the beginning of the century. The revolutionaries were brutally Rajagopalachari. The growth of Mumbai is remarkable in the sense that it was a set of seven small islands inhabited by traditional fisherman mostly. Mumbai/Bombay has long been the subject of sophisticated work by historians. The city was built by the joining together of many islands, a process that was more or less completed by the first half of the century. [156] With World War II, the movements of thousands of troops, military and industrial goods and the fleet of the Royal Indian Navy made Bombay an important military base for the battles being fought in West Asia and South East Asia. Soon it was trading in salt, rice, ivory, cloth, lead and sword blades with many Indian ports as well as with the Arabian cities of Mecca and Basra. [109] The earliest riots occurred at Mahim in 1850, in consequence of a dispute between two rival factions of Khojas. was called a wadi. The first War of Independence The islands were joined to the mainland and each other by causeways, and the city's university and major hospitals were founded. [148], Following World War I, which saw large movement of India troops, supplies, arms and industrial goods to and from Bombay, the city life was shut down many times during the Non-cooperation movement from 1920 to 1922. 2014 Cambridge University Press Nothing happenned, but By 2020 it had reached an estimated population of 20 million, making it the 9th largest city by population in the world. [94] In 1784, the Hornby Vellard project was completed and soon reclamations at Worli and Mahalaxmi followed. built by the government. In 1803 a fire raged through the Indian part By the turn of the 19th century, however, external events helped stimulate the growth of the city. With the opening of [116] The outbreak of the American Civil War in 1861 increased the demand for cotton in the West, and led to an enormous increase in cotton-trade. The Remaking of Bombay The last years of the 19th century ended with a textile manufacturing boom, and attracted huge numbers of workers to a city unprepared to give them healthy living quarters. [128] Bombay time was set at 4 hours and 51 minutes ahead of Greenwich Mean Time (GMT) using the 75th east meridian. [11] The port of Sopara (present-day Nala Sopara) was an important trading centre during the first century BCE,[12] with trade contacts with Rome. The line was inaugurated on April 6, 1853. [192] On 25 August 2003, two blasts in South Mumbai one near the Gateway of India and the other at Zaveri Bazaar in Kalbadevi occurred. On the mainland the Mughals in the north, the Marathas (under the venerated leader Chhatrapati Shivaji) in the area surrounding and stretching eastward from Bombay, and the territorial princes in Gujarat to the northwest were more powerful. Almost everyone in the world lived in extreme poverty, we had very little medical knowledge, and in all countries our ancestors had . The Dutch arrived first, closely followed by the British. Tata pioneered civil aviation in Bombay by flying a plane from Karachi to Bombay. Vile Parle was the headquarters of the movement[153] in Bombay under Jamnalal Bajaj. The Abhiras ruled for 167 years, till around 417 CE. Avabai Jamsetjee Jeejeebhoy funded the construction of the Mahim Causeway,[98] to connect Mahim to Bandra and the work was completed in 1845. VT, university, BMC, town hall, etc. [88] In 1769, Fort George was built on the site of the Dongri Fort[89] and in 1770, the Mazagaon docks were built. Technology has changed the world in many ways, but perhaps no period introduced more changes than the Second Industrial Revolution. At the same time, these works all shift their analytic frameworks as they approach more contemporary periods and this restricts the authors' ability to assess fully the character of urban change. [54] During this time, Bombay's main trade was coconuts and coir. However, the population of Bombay was Yet, as the population increased, unkempt, overcrowded, and unsanitary conditions became more widespread. Constructions. [177] The Great Bombay Textile Strike was called on 18 January 1982 by trade union leader Dutta Samant, where nearly 250,000 workers and more than 50 textile mills in Bombay went on strike. This work was completed in 1845, but Around 2 people were killed and 28 were injured. These workers were called Kamathis, and their enclave was called Kamathipura. During the last half of the late 19th century, Chicago proved to be the fastest growing city in the world. The Walkeswar Temple at Malabar Point was probably built during the rule of Shilahara chiefs from the Konkan coast (9th13th century). [5] The islands were coalesced into a single landmass by the Hornby Vellard engineering project in 1784. The city became a strong base for the Indian independence movement during the early 20th century, it was the centre of the Rowlatt Satyagraha of 1919 and Royal Indian Navy Mutiny of 1946. This resulted in a large influx of traders, artisans, merhcants and labourers into the city. the rooms were often occupied by several people. Technological change has played a central role in US economic growth since the 19th century. The Battle of Swally was fought between the British and the Portuguese at Surat in 1612 for the possession of Bombay. such chawls would border a common enclosed space. [127] The Princess Dock was built in 1885 as part of a scheme for improving the whole foreshore of the Bombay harbour. ", This page was last edited on 21 April 2023, at 06:52. In 1812 an Ordinance was promulgated which, among [69] He also planned extensive fortifications in the city from Dongri in the north to Mendham's Point (near present-day Lion Gate) in the south. residents moving out of the central fort area. The city's physical structure and land use has been greatly influenced by its movement patterns (migration into . Eleven million people migrated from rural to urban areas between 1870 and 1920, and a majority of the twenty-five million immigrants who came to the United States in these same years moved into the nation's cities. [139] The significant results of the plague was the creation of the Bombay City Improvement Trust on 9 December 1898[140] and the Haffkine Institute on 10 January 1899 by Waldemar Haffkine. This limit was further extended in February 1957 up to Dahisar along the Western Railway and Mulund on the Central Railway. He implemented Aungier's plans for the fortification of the island, and had walls built from Dongri in the north to Mendham's point in the south. [58] The Portuguese Franciscans had obtained practical control of Salsette and Mahim by 1585, and built Nossa Senhora de Bom Concelho (Our Lady of Good Counsel) at Sion and Nossa Senhora de Salvao (Our Lady of Salvation) at Dadar in 1596. [17][24] King Bhimdev founded his kingdom in the region in the late 13th century[25] and established his capital in Mahikawati (present day Mahim). The original work is not included in the purchase of this review. During the latter half district of the British town. 1 Demographic research suggests that at the beginning of the 19 th century no country in the world had a life expectancy longer than 40 years. important part of the city's industry. The last British troops to leave India, the First Battalion of the Somerset Light Infantry, passed through the arcade of the Gateway of India in Bombay on 28 February 1948,[160] ending the 282-year-long period of the British in Bombay . In November 1664, Shipman's successor Humphrey Cooke agreed to accept Bombay without its dependencies. At the same time, it suggests that historians need to consider Gyan Prakash's view of cities as 'patched-up societies' whose entirety cannot be understood through single, linear models of change. 3 20th century. Plague, for example, broke out in 1896. [52] In 1560, they started proselytising the local Koli, Kunbi, Kumbhar population in Mahim, Worli, and Bassein. By the mid 19th century, Bombay had developed into one of the most important ports and trading centres in India. The old wall [144] On 22 July 1908, Lokmanya Tilak, the principal advocate of the Swadeshi movement in Bombay, was sentenced to six years rigorous imprisonment, on the charge of writing inflammatory articles against the Government in his newspaper Kesari. [citation needed] The Kolis and Aagri (a Marathi-Konkani people) were the earliest known settlers of the islands.The Maurya Empire gained control of the islands during the 3rd century BCE and transformed them into a centre of Hindu-Buddhist culture and religion. The Governor of Bombay at this time was governed by since all the enemy powers were now subjugated. Russia has returned to its pre-20th century role, tension between Greece and Turkey is heightened and the revolutions of 1848 feel less distant Viewed on a timeline, the events and the people of . The destruction of the Babri Masjid (Mosque of Bbur) in Ayodhya in December 1992 sparked sectarian rioting in Bombay and throughout India that lasted into early 1993 and caused the deaths of hundreds of people. With their regional control for over 200 years, it paved a way for modernization of the country thereby significantly influencing the art, culture and architecture. [55] He established the Marine force,[55] and constructed the St. Thomas Cathedral in 1718, which was the first Anglican Church in Bombay. As new provinces were settled, new cities began to spring up, and by the 1910s half of all Canadians were living urban, rather than rural lives for the first time. [80] The arrival of many Indian and British merchants led to the development of Bombay's trade by the end of the seventeenth century. By the early 20th century, the U.S. had become the world . [149] In 1926, the Back Bay scandal occurred, when the Bombay Development Department under the British reclaimed the Back Bay area in Bombay after the financial crisis incidental to the post-war slump in the city. their villages. the major problems of the developing city. Cambridge Journals publishes over 250 peer-reviewed academic journals across a wide range of subject areas, in print and online. [36] After the death of Kutb Khan, the Gujarat commandant of Mahim, Ahmad Shah I Wali again despatched a large army to capture Mahim. The Treaty of Bassein (1534) between the Portuguese viceroy Nuno da Cunha and Bahadur Shah of Gujarat, placed the islands into Portuguese possession in 1534. Although that initiative was crushed by the British, India did achieve independence in 1947. Note: This article is a review of another work, such as a book, film, musical composition, etc. [30] For the administration of the islands, he appointed a governor for Mahim. The city was a centre of maritime trade with Persia and Egypt in 1000 bce. [31] It was reconquered by Rai Qutb of the Gujarat Sultanate. A Portuguese attempt to conquer Mahim failed in 1507, but in 1534 Sultan Bahdur Shah, the ruler of Gujarat, ceded the island to the Portuguese. John, Lord Elphinstone. Elphinstone was the [7] They were Dravidian in origin and included a large number of scattered tribes along the Vindhya Plateau, Gujarat, and Konkan. The Bombay presidency set up a factory inspection commission in 1884. "Workers' politics and the mill districts in Bombay between the wars. Further tectonic activity in the region led to the formation of hilly islands separated by a shallow sea. [55] The shipbuilding industry started in Bombay in 1735[83] and soon the Naval Dockyard was established in the same year. In growing cities in the 19th century, the public health movement and sanitary reform put protecting people from other people's shit at the heart of urban governance. The islands were wrested from Pratapbimba's control by Mubarak Khan, a self-proclaimed regent of the Khalji dynasty, who occupied Mahim and Salsette in 1318. [200] There were a series of ten coordinated terrorist attacks by 10 armed Pakistani men using automatic weapons and grenades which began on 26 November 2008 and ended on 29 November 2008. Mazagaon was granted to Antonio Pessoa in 1547. and also in terms of the nationality of the authors. This act allowed a rebuilding of the core area of the city with the money The "scramble for Africa" started to impact large numbers of Africans in the. In the latter part of the 19th century, many cotton spinning and weaving mills also came up in Bombay. [47] The San Miguel (St. Michael Church) in Mahim, one of the oldest churches in Bombay, was built by the Portuguese in 1540. [8], The islands were incorporated into the Maurya Empire under Emperor Ashoka of Magadha in the third century BCE. [122] Violent Parsi-Muslim riots again broke out in February 1874, which were caused by an article on Muhammad published by a Parsi resident. [195] 209 people were killed[196] and over 700 were injured. the Mumbai in 1888. [105] In 1836, the Chamber of Commerce was established. 1803. An important reformer was Mary Carpenter, who wrote factory laws that exemplified Victorian modernization theory of the modern, regulated factory as vehicle of pedagogy and civilizational uplift. [citation needed] During the English East India Company's rule in mid-18th century, it emerged as an important port city, having maritime trade contacts with Mecca, Basra etc. Colaba in 1844, establishing this newly opened up section as an The blast occurred a day after the tenth anniversary of the 1993 Bombay bombings. [198] In 2008, the city experienced xenophobic attacks by the activists of the Maharashtra Navnirman Sena (MNS) under Raj Thackeray on the North Indian migrants in Mumbai. xi, 270, Pds. [108] The Commercial Bank of India, established in 1845, issued exotic notes with an interblend of Western and Eastern Motifs. 1857 marks a watershed in Indian history. Following this, many artisans and construction workers from Andhra Pradesh migrated to Bombay and settled into the flats which were constructed by the Hornby Vellard. The following is a timeline of the growth of Mumbai's population over the last four centuries: Language links are at the top of the page across from the title. [103] By 1830, regular communication with England started by steamers navigating the Red and Mediterranean Sea. The attacks resulted in 164 deaths, 308 injuries, and severe damage to several important buildings. During the early 15th century, the Bhandaris seized the island of Mahim from the Sultanate and ruled it for eight years. The Asiatic Society. Mumbai was lashed by torrential rains on 2627 July 2005, during which the city was brought to a complete standstill. Covering South Asia, South-East Asia, China, and Japan, this quarterly journal publishes original research articles concerned with the history, geography, politics, sociology, literature, economics, social anthropology and culture of the area. ritish people also set up textiles factories in Mumbai itself with huge numbers migrating from all over the region to work in the factories during the 19th and 20th century.
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